Tram Huynh – HowMedWorks

Physician associate/assistant (PA) school has a reputation for being intense, and it's well-earned. Didactic year throws an overwhelming volume of information at you that’s compressed into 12 to 15 months. You're expected to absorb pharmacology, pathophysiology, clinical medicine, and diagnostic reasoning at breakneck speed while staying current on evidence-based guidelines. This article was written by Tram Huynh, a current PA-S1 at Long Island University. This is where artificial intelligence (AI) became a gamechanger for me. Throughout my first semester, I used Google’s NotebookLM, Anthropic’s Claude, and OpenAI’s ChatGPT to transform dense lectures and clinical guidelines into study materials that actually matched how I learned. Keep reading to find out what worked, what didn’t, and how I’d use each tool if I had to start didactic year all over again. Why PA Students Should Care About AI You don’t need AI to succeed in PA school. Many people still thrive with highlighters, whiteboards, and motivation fueled by iced coffee. However, AI study tools can help significantly cut down on studying time, which matters when your schedule is nonstop. More importantly, AI will continue to play a growing role in healthcare, as it's becoming increasingly integrated into every aspect of medicine: Radiologists currently use AI to flag potential abnormalities in imaging studies. Electronic health records now incorporate algorithms to identify patients at risk for sepsis or readmission. Clinical decision support tools powered by machine learning help providers consider diagnoses they might have missed. 1. Google NotebookLM: The Audio-First Study Buddy What It Does Well Google's NotebookLM has one feature that absolutely shines: audio summaries. If you’re an auditory learner, you’re in luck. After uploading lecture slides, notes, or PDFs, you can generate an "Audio Overview," which is a podcast-style discussion in plain, friendly language. If you have a commute, or if your eyes stop functioning after eight hours of lectures, this is a genuine lifesaver. It turns your study materials into something you can review while walking to class, cooking, or pretending to go to the gym. It also provides exact source citations, which makes checking accuracy easy. Limitations NotebookLM has strict file size limits: PDFs are capped at 500 KB and word count caps across all sources. This is problematic when a single pharmacology lecture alone can exceed these limits. Additionally, NotebookLM doesn’t produce strong clinical vignette questions. The questions are simple and fact-based, not the multi-step reasoning style ones that you’ll see on school exams and the PA National Certifying Examination (PANCE). Best Use Google NotebookLM is best used as a supplementary tool (i.e. for audio reviews and quick clarifications, not as a main study engine). 2. Anthropic Claude: Heavy Lifter for Big Documents What It Does Well Anthropic’s Claude.ai can process large volumes of information. It can handle entire textbook chapters, comprehensive lecture slide decks, and multiple documents simultaneously. Its "Projects" feature allows you to upload all materials for a specific course to make comprehensive practice exams that integrate information across multiple lectures. Practice Exam Quality I’ve found that Claude is very good at generating clinical vignette-style questions that closely mirror PANCE format. With good prompting, it provides questions with realistic patient presentations (e.g. relevant history, physical exam findings, and laboratory values) that require multi-step reasoning in order to figure out the correct answer. Pro tip: When it comes to prompting any AI models, you want to be specific and give clear instructions on what types of questions to create. For instance, try uploading a few high-quality example questions and ask Claude.ai to match that style and difficulty level. The more constraints you provide (e.g. question format, difficulty level, specific topics, number of distractors [i.e. incorrect answer choices that require true understanding to eliminate]), the more tailored and useful your practice questions will be. So instead of a basic question like "What is the first-line treatment for hypertension?", Claude can generate: "A 58-year-old African American male with a BMI of 32 presents for follow-up. His blood pressure readings over three visits average 156/94 mmHg. He has no history of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or cardiovascular disease. Laboratory studies show normal creatinine and potassium. Which antihypertensive medication is most appropriate for initial therapy?" Creating Anki Decks Claude is also great at generating large batches of flashcards in Anki- and Quizlet-compatible formats, including cloze deletions (i.e. hiding one or more words or fill-in-the-blank). If you rely heavily on spaced repetition, this can save you hours! Limitations Extremely lengthy uploads may still be difficult; entire textbooks may need to be broken into sections. Also, like with all AI tools, Claude's medical knowledge has a cutoff date so make sure to verify the most current clinical guidelines or recently approved medications. Best Use Claude.ai excels at processing large amounts of source material and is best used for building exam banks and generating flashcards efficiently. 3. OpenAI ChatGPT: The Versatile Exam Generator What It Does Well ChatGPT is an AI chatbot that produces high-quality clinical vignette questions that align well with those on the PANCE. The questions typically include appropriate patient demographics, relevant clinical details, and plausible distractors. Beyond questions, ChatGPT can: Generate Anki flashcards; Create summary tables; Develop mnemonics; and Create images if you’re a visual learner! If sodium-potassium channels are frying your brain, ChatGPT can rephrase the explanation with analogies, diagrams, or simpler language until it clicks! OpenAI’s ChatGPT, particularly the GPT-4 model, has consistently been my go-to for exam prep. I can ask it for 50 practice questions on one topic and get solid vignettes in seconds. “Custom Instructions,” makes it even more powerful, as you can set it to always generate PANCE-style questions with explanations for correct and incorrect answers. It’s ridiculously efficient. Limitations With ChatGPT Plus, you can upload documents, though with some limitations. The file handling isn't as robust as Claude's, very large documents may need to be split, and the context window (how much information the AI can actively work with at once) is more limited. However, for individual lecture slide decks or notes from a single class session, ChatGPT works great. One perk is that ChatGPT's integration with plugins and web browsing (depending on your subscription), can help verify current clinical guidelines or look up recently updated information. However, it isn’t perfect and sometimes does include subtle inaccuracies, so always double-check anything that feels off. Best Use: ChatGPT is best for producing high-quality practice questions and breaking down confusing concepts. Comparative Analysis: Which Tool for Which Purpose? Use Case Best Tool Large documents Claude Practice exams Claude and ChatGPT (tie) Audio learning NotebookLM Anki decks Claude and ChatGPT (tie) Explaining concepts ChatGPT Practical Workflow Recommendations The most effective approach isn't choosing one platform but strategically using multiple tools: Claude for building the base.Upload full lecture sets into Projects → generate long practice exams → create bulk Anki cards. ChatGPT for weak spots.Identify gaps → generate targeted questions → ask for explanations in different formats. NotebookLM for commute review.Upload summaries → generate audio overviews → listen while doing anything other than sitting at your desk. Final Thoughts In the coming years, AI will play an even larger role in differential diagnosis generation, treatment planning, medication management, and patient education. Medical training is also shifting toward AI-driven simulations and virtual patient encounters. Knowing how to prompt, interpret, and verify these tools is quickly becoming a core skill of clinical practice. Students who learn to leverage AI now are simply preparing for the realities of future practice. Food for thought: AI won’t replace providers, but providers who use AI will replace those who don’t. AI can’t replace the human parts of medicine: listening, empathy, physical exams, and trust. However, clinicians who can integrate AI thoughtfully will undoubtedly provide more efficient, informed care. The evolution of AI in medical education isn't something happening to PA students, it’s something the current generation of students will help shape. By thoughtfully experimenting with these tools now, providing feedback to developers, and thinking critically about effective implementation, today's students are helping share the future of medical training and education. Conclusion To be completely honest, the only way I have time to write this article is with a lot of time management and a true appreciation for AI. It helped me organize, summarize, and outline my study as well as article materials. You don’t have to use AI, but if you want to lighten your workload and prepare for the future of healthcare, it’s worth experimenting with. AI isn’t here to replace you. It’s here to support you while you become the compassionate, human-centered provider your patients will depend on. Use the tools, experiment with them, and build a system that supports your learning style while preparing for an increasingly tech-integrated healthcare system. Hopefully, you found this guide helpful! References: 1. FDA overview of AI in medical devices U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML)-Enabled Medical Devices. 2. NPR article on how AI is already used in radiology Hsu, A. AI is helping radiologists read images faster and more accurately. NPR (2023). 3. New York Times report on AI in diagnostic imaging Roberts, S. A.I. May Help Doctors Spot Cancer but Comes With Its Own Risks. The New York Times (2023). 4. STAT News on AI-powered clinical decision-support Palmer, P. Hospitals are increasingly using AI to help flag sepsis and other risks. STAT News (2022). 5. Harvard Health Publishing: AI in clinical decision-making Harvard Health. How artificial intelligence will change medical practice. 6. AMA report on AI becoming part of routine medical practice American Medical Association. How AI is reshaping clinical workflows. (2023). 7. WHO guidance on AI in healthcare World Health Organization. Ethics & Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health.